Lec 5A: Hypothesis Test: A motivating example (sleeping medicin) (Kan 2024)
Henrietta Lacks, født Loretta Pleasant, (født 1. august 1920, Roanoke, Virginia, USA - døde 4. oktober 1951, Baltimore, Maryland), amerikansk kvinde, hvis livmoderhalskræftceller var kilden til HeLa-cellelinjen, som undersøgelser bidrog til til adskillige vigtige videnskabelige fremskridt.
Quiz
Berømte amerikanske ansigter: fakta eller fiktion?
Clarence Darrow var en berømt anklager fra det 19. århundrede.
Efter at hendes mor døde ved fødsel i 1924, flyttede hendes far med sine 10 børn til Clover, Virginia, hvor han delte dem mellem slægtninge, der skulle opdrages. Henrietta blev således opdrættet af hendes bedstefar, der også passede et andet barnebarn, Henriettas fætter David, kendt som Dag. Henrietta og Day blev gift den 10. april 1941. Opmuntret af en fætter flyttede Day hurtigt nord til Maryland for at arbejde på Bethlehem Steel's Sparrows Point stålfabrik, der blomstrede med efterspørgslen fra 2. verdenskrig. Snart derefter sluttede Henrietta og parets børn sig til Day i Turner Station, Maryland, et samfund uden for Baltimore, hvor mange af de afroamerikanske stålarbejdere boede.
Før sin femte graviditet havde Henrietta oplevet en "knude" inde i hende, og foruroligende blødning og bevis for en klump på hendes livmoderhals flere måneder efter fødslen sendte Henrietta endelig til sin læge. Hun blev henvist til gynækologiafdelingen ved Johns Hopkins Hospital i Baltimore, hvor i februar 1951 en biopsi indikerede tilstedeværelsen af en cervikal tumor, der var uopdaget af læger, både ved fødslen af hendes søn den 19. september 1950, og i en følge -up undersøgelse seks uger senere.
After further tests, Henrietta received the first of several radium treatments, the standard of care for the day, which involved stitching small glass tubes of the radioactive metal secured in fabric pouches—called Brack plaques—to the cervix. While performing the procedure, the surgeon extracted two small tissue samples: one from Henrietta’s tumour and one from healthy cervical tissue close by. The samples from Henrietta’s cervix were among many extracted for physician George Gey, the head of tissue culture research at Johns Hopkins, who was searching for an “immortal” cell line for use in cancer research. Unlike previous samples, Henrietta’s cancerous cells—called HeLa, from Henrietta Lacks—not only survived but also multiplied at an extraordinary rate. Henrietta herself was unaware that any sample had been taken; at that time it was not uncommon to study patients and their tissues without their knowledge or consent (see Tuskegee syphilis study).
While her cells thrived, Henrietta declined. By September the cancer had spread throughout her body, and early the following month Henrietta died. However, the HeLa cells, famed for their longevity,continued to thrive in culture long after Henrietta’s death. HeLa became a ubiquitous study material, contributing to the development of drugs for numerous ailments, including polio, Parkinson disease, and leukemia. In spite of this, until the 1970s Henrietta’s role was unknown even to her family. In the 21st century Henrietta’s case was an important component in the debate surrounding informed consent from patients for the extraction and use of cells in research. In 2013 the National Institutes of Health (NIH) granted the Lacks family control over how data on the HeLa cell genome would be used (the genome of a HeLa cell line had been sequenced in full earlier that year). Two members of the Lacks family formed part of the NIH’s HeLa Genome Data Access working group, which reviewed researchers’ applications for access to the HeLa sequence information.
